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Jesus

Is there evidence for Jesus outside the Bible?

Yes, though it's worth being precise about what this evidence actually shows. Several non-Christian ancient writers mention Jesus or early Christians. Together, they support his existence as a historical figure—not his miracles or resurrection specifically.

A Roman historian named Tacitus mentions Christ's execution under Pontius Pilate. A Jewish historian named Josephus refers to James as "the brother of Jesus, who was called Christ"—a passage nearly all scholars accept as authentic. Josephus has another passage about Jesus directly. Most scholars think it was edited by a later Christian copyist, with an authentic core underneath.

A Roman governor named Pliny, writing decades later, describes Christians worshiping Christ "as to a god" and refusing to recant even under threat. That's evidence of the movement's early character, not of Jesus himself.

These sources confirm a startlingly early, non-Christian record that Jesus existed and was taken seriously. They weren't written to confirm Christian theological claims. They don't function as evidence for those specifically.

Bible quotations in these answers are generally taken from the Christian Standard Bible®, Copyright © 2017 by Holman Bible Publishers. Used by permission. Christian Standard Bible® and CSB® are federally registered trademarks of Holman Bible Publishers. Some biblical wording may be paraphrased or follow other translations.

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